Wood smoke pollution references

This bibliography of research studies, articles and other reference sources is organized by content order on our website. It is a growing resource that we add to regularly.

Particle pollution

Alessandrini F, Schulz H, Takenaka S, Lentner B, Karg E, et al. Effects of ultrafine carbon particle inhalation on allergic inflammation of the lung. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2006; 117(4):824–830.

Ailshire J, Crimmins E. Fine particulate matter air pollution and cognitive function among older US adults. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2014; 180(4):359–366.

American Heart Association. Air pollution may spur irregular heart rhythms in healthy teens. 2022, Sept 14. [Press release.]

Barrett JR. Connecting PM2.5 exposure to insulin resistance: oxidative stress may be an intermediate step. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2016; 124(12):A236.

Belleudi V, Faustini A, Stafoggia M, Cattani G, Marconi A, et al. Impact of fine and ultrafine particles on emergency hospital admissions for cardiac and respiratory diseases. Epidemiology. 2010; 21(3):414–423.

Bernatsky S, Fournier M, Pineau CA, Clarke AE, Vinet E, Smargiassi A. Associations between ambient fine particulate levels and disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Environmental Health Perspectives. 2010; 119(1):45–49.

Brauer M, Brook JR, Christidis T, et al. Mortality-air pollution associations in low exposure environments (MAPLE): Phase 2. Research report (Health Effects Institute). 2022; 212:1-91.

Brook R, Rajagopalan S, Pope 3rd C, Brook J, Bhatnagar A, et al. Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: an update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2010; 121(21):2331–2378.

Burnett R, Chen H, Szyszkowicz M, Fann N, Hubbell B, Pope CA 3rd, Apte JS, Brauer M, Cohen A, Weichenthal S, et al. Global estimates of mortality associated with long-term exposure to outdoor fine particulate matter. PNAS. 2018, Sep 18; 115(38):9592–9597.

Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Azzarelli B, Acuna H, Garcia R, Gambling T, et al. Air pollution and brain damage. Toxicologic Pathology. 2002; 30(3):373.

Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Maronpot R, Torres-Jardon R, Henríquez-Roldán C, Schoonhoven R, et al. DNA damage in nasal and brain tissues of canines exposed to air pollutants is associated with evidence of chronic brain inflammation and neurodegeneration. Toxicologic Pathology. 2003; 31(5):524.

Cesaroni G, Francesco F, Stafoggia M, Andersen AJ, Badaloni C, Beelen R, Caracciolo B, de Faire U, Erbel R, Eriksen KT, et al. Long term exposure to ambient air pollution and incidence of acute coronary events: Prospective cohort study and meta-analysis in 11 European cohorts from the ESCAPE project. BMJ. 2014; 348:f7412.

Chen J, Wang X, Wellenius G, Serre M, Driscoll I, et al. Ambient air pollution and neurotoxicity on brain structure: evidence from women’s health initiative memory study. Annals of Neurology. 2015; 78(3):466–476.

Cole-Hunter T, Zhang J, So R, Samoli E, Liu S, Chen J, Strak M, Wolf K, Weinmayr G, Rodopolou S, et al. Long-term air pollution exposure and Parkinson’s disease mortality in a large pooled European cohort: An ELAPSE study. Environment International. 2023; 171:107667.

Dennekamp M, Akram M, Abramson M, Tonkin A, Sim M, et al. Outdoor air pollution as a trigger for out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. Epidemiology. 2010; 21(4):494–500.

Desikan, A. Outdoor air pollution as a possible modifiable risk factor to reduce mortality in post-stroke population. Neural Regeneration Research. 2017; 12(3):351–353.

Di Q, Dai L, Wang Y, Zanobetti A, Choirat C, Schwartz JD, Dominici F. Association of short-term exposure to air pollution with mortality in older adults. JAMA. 2017; 318:2446–2456.

Di Q, Wang Y, Zanobetti A, Wang Y, Koutrakis P, Choirat FD, Schwartz JD. Air pollution and mortality in the entire Medicare population. New England Journal of Medicine. 2017; 376:2513–2522.

Dockery D, Pope C, Xu X, Spengler J, Ware J, et al. An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1993; 329(24):1753–1759.

Dominici F, Peng R, Bell M, Pham L, McDermott A, et al. Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. JAMA. 2006; 295(10):1127–1134.

Farhadi Z, Abulghasem Gorgi H, Shabaninejad H, Aghajani Delavar M, Torani S. Association between PM_2.5 and risk of hospitalization for myocardial infarction: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2020; 20(1):314.

Fleury V, Himsl R, Joost S, Nicastro N, Bereau M, Guessous I, Burkhard PR. Geospatial analysis of individual-based Parkinson's disease data supports a link with air pollution: A case-control study. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders. 2021; 83:41–48.

Gehling W, Dellinger B. Environmentally persistent free radicals and their lifetimes in PM2.5. Environmental Science & Technology. 2013; 47(15):8172.

Genc S, Zadeoglulari Z, Fuss SH, Genc K. The adverse effects of air pollution on the nervous system. Journal of Toxicology. 2012; 782462.

Grigg J. Arrhythmias and particulate matter, The Lancet. 2017; (1)2:E50–E51.

Harrabi I, Rondeau V, Dartigues J, Tessier J, Filleul L. Effects of particulate air pollution on systolic blood pressure: a population-based approach. Environmental Research. 2006; 101(1):89–93.

He F, Yanosky JD, Fernandez-Mendoza J, Chinchilli VM, Al-Shaar L, Vgontzas AN, Bixler EO, Liao D. Acute impact of fine particulate air pollution on cardiac arrhythmias in a population-based sample of adolescents: The Penn State child cohort. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2022; 11(18):e026370.

Huttunen K, Siponen T, Salonen I, Yli-Tuomi T, Aurela M, et al. Low-level exposure to ambient particulate matter is associated with systemic inflammation in ischemic heart disease patients. Environmental Research. 2012; 116:44–51.

Jacobs L, Buczynska A, Walgraeve C, Delcloo A, Potgieter-Vermaak S, Van Grieken R, Demeestere K, Dewulf J, Van Langenhove H, De Backer H, Nemery B, Nawrot TS. Acute changes in pulse pressure in relation to constituents of particulate air pollution in elderly persons. Environmental Research. 2012; 117:60–67.

Janke K, Propper C, Henderson J. Do current levels of air pollution kill? The impact of air pollution on population mortality in England. Health Economics. 2009; 18(9):1031–1055.

Katanoda K, Sobue T, Satoh H, Tajima K, Suzuki T, et al. An association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and mortality from lung cancer and respiratory diseases in Japan. Journal of Epidemiology. 2011; 21(2):132–143.

Kioumourtzoglou M, Schwartz JD, Weisskopf MG, Melly SJ, Wang Y, Dominici F, Zanobetti A. Long-term PM2.5 exposure and neurological hospital admissions in the northeastern United States. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2016; 124:23–29.

Kleeman MJ, Schauer JJ, Cass GR. Size and composition distribution of fine particulate matter emitted from wood burning, meat charbroiling, and cigarettes. Environmental Science & Technology. 1999; 33(20):3516–23.

Kukkonen J, Lopez-Aparicio S, Segersson D, Geels C, Kangas L, Kauhaniemi M, Maragkidou A, Jensen A, Assmut T, Karppinen, A, et al. The influence of residential wood combustion on the concentrations of PM2.5 in four Nordic cities. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2020; 20: 4333–4365.

Kuye A, Kumar P. A review of the physicochemical characteristics of ultrafine particle emissions from domestic solid fuel combustion during cooking and heating. Science of the Total Environment. 2023; 886:163747.

Lepeule J, Laden F, Dockery D, Schwartz J. Chronic exposure to fine particles and mortality: an extended follow-up of the Harvard Six Cities Study from 1974 to 2009. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2012; 120(7):965.

Liao D, Creason J, Shy C, Williams R, Watts R, et al. Daily variation of particulate air pollution and poor cardiac autonomic control in the elderly. Environmental Health Perspectives. 1999; 107(7):521-525.

Link M, Luttmann-Gibson H, Schwartz J, Mittleman M, Wessler B, Gold D, Dockery D, Laden F. Acute exposure to air pollution triggers atrial fibrillation. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2013; 62(9):816–825.

Lipsett MJ, Ostro BD, Reynolds P, Goldberg D, Hertz A, Jerrett M, Smith DF, Garcia C, Chang ET, Bernstein L. Long-term exposure to air pollution and cardiorespiratory disease in the California Teachers Study cohort. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2011; 184(7):828–835.

Liu C, Xu X, Bai Y, Wang TY, Rao X, Wang A, Sun L, Ying Z, Gushchina L, Maiseyeu A, Morishita M, Sun Q, Harkema JR, Rajagopalan S. Air pollution–mediated susceptibility to inflammation and insulin resistance: influence of CCR2 pathways in mice. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2014; 122:17–26.

Ljungman P, Mittleman M. Ambient air pollution and stroke. Stroke. 2014; 45(12):3734–3741.

Loeb MB. Community-acquired pneumonia in older people: the need for a broader perspective. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2003; 51(4):539–543.

Maher BA, O’Sullivan V, Feeney J, Gonet T, Kenny RA. Indoor particulate air pollution from open fires and the cognitive function of older people. Environmental Research. 2021; 192:110298

Matsuo R, Michikawa T, Ueda K, Ago T, Nitta H, Kitazono T, Kamouchi M. Short-term exposure to fine particulate matter and risk of ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2016; 47(12):3032–3034.

McClellan R. Setting ambient air quality standards for particulate matter. Toxicology. 2002; 181:329–347.

McGill University. Air pollution: The silent killer called PM2.5. 2022, March 11. [Press Release].

Migliore L, Coppedè F. Environmental-induced oxidative stress in neurodegenerative disorders and aging. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 2009; 674(1):73–84.

Miller K, Siscovick D, Sheppard L, Shepherd K, Sullivan J, et al. Long-term exposure to air pollution and incidence of cardiovascular events in women. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2007; 356(5):447–458.

Mitka M. Health experts denounce EPA’s soot limits. JAMA. 2006; 296(17):2078.

Moulton P, Yang, W. Air pollution, oxidative stress, and Alzheimer’s Disease. Journal of Environmental and Public Health. 2012; 472751–472759.

Nelin T, Joseph A, Gorr M, Wold L. Direct and indirect effects of particulate matter on the cardiovascular system. Toxicology Letters. 2012; 208(3):293–299.

Oberdörster G, Sharp Z, Atudorei V, Elder A, Gelein R, et al. Translocation of inhaled ultrafine particles to the brain. Inhalation Toxicology. 2004; 16(6–7):437–445.

Orioli R, Cremona G, Ciancarella L, Solimini AG. Association between PM1, PM2.5, NO2, O3 and self-reported diabetes in Italy: a cross-sectional ecological study. PLoS One. 2018; 13(1):e0191112.

Ostro B, Wen-Ying G, Broadwin R, Green S, Lipsett M. The effects of components of fine particulate air pollution on mortality in California: results from CALFINE. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2007; 115(1):13–19.

Oudin A, Segersson D, Adolfsson R, Forsberg B. Association between air pollution from residential wood burning and dementia incidence in a longitudinal study in Northern Sweden. PLoS ONE. 2018; 13(6):e0198283.

Peters A. Air quality and cardiovascular health: smoke and pollution matter. Circulation. 2009; 120(11):924–927.

Peters R, Ee N, Peters J, Booth A, Mudway I, Anstey K. Air pollution and dementia: a systematic review. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. 2019; 70(s1): S145–S163.

Power MC, Adar SD, Yanosky JD, Weuve J. Exposure to air pollution as a potential contributor to cognitive function, cognitive decline, brain imaging, and dementia: A systematic review of epidemiologic research. Neurotoxicology. 2016; 56:235–253.

Rosenthal F, Carney J, Olinger M. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and airborne fine particulate matter: a case-crossover analysis of emergency medical services data in Indianapolis, Indiana. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2008; 116(5):631–636.

Roux J, Bard D, Le Pabic E, Segala C, Reis J, Ongagna JC, de Sèze J, Leray E. Air pollution by particulate matter PM10 may trigger multiple sclerosis relapses. Environmental Research. 2017; 156:404–410.

Schneider A, Neas L, Herbst M, Case M, Williams R, Cascio W, et al. Endothelial dysfunction: associations with exposure to ambient fine particles in diabetic individuals. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2008; 116(12):1666–1674.

Schraufnagel DE. The health effects of ultrafine particles. Experimental & Molecular Medicine. 2020; 52:311–317.

Schwartz J, Dockery DW, Neas LM. Is daily mortality associated specifically with fine particles? Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 1996; 46(10):927–939.

Shah ASV, Langrish JP, Nair H, McAllister DA, Hunter AL, Donaldson K, Newby DE, Mills NL. Global association of air pollution and heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2013; 382(9897):1039–1048.

Shaw J. Clearing the air: how epidemiology, engineering, and experiment finger fine particles as airborne killers. Harvard Magazine. May-June 2005.

Shi L, Zanobetti A, Kloog I, Coull B, Koutrakis P, et al. Low-concentration PM2.5 and mortality: estimating acute and chronic effects in a population-based study. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2016; 124(1):46–52.

Shrey K, Suchit A, Deepika D, Shruti K, Vibha R. Air pollutants: the key stages in the pathway towards the development of cardiovascular disorders. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2011; 31(1):1–9.

Totlandsdal AI, Skomedal T, Låg M, Osnes J, Refsnes M. Pro-inflammatory potential of ultrafine particles in mono- and co-cultures of primary cardiac cells. Toxicology. 2008; 247(1):23–32.

Turner M, Krewski D, Pope 3rd C, Chen Y, Gapstur S, et al. Long-term ambient fine particulate matter air pollution and lung cancer in a large cohort of never-smokers. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2011; 184(12):1374–1381.

Wang X, Younan D, Millstein J, Petkus AJ, Garcia E, Beavers DP, Espeland MA, Chui HC, Resnick SM, Gatz M, Kaufman JD, Wellenius GA, Whitsel EA, Manson JE, Rapp SR, Chen JC. Association of improved air quality with lower dementia risk in older women. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 2022 Jan 11; 119(2):e2107833119.

Wang Y, Xiong L, Tang M. Toxicity of inhaled particulate matter on the central nervous system: neuroinflammation, neuropsychological effects and neurodegenerative disease. Journal of Applied Toxicology. 2017; 37(6):644-667.

Wei Y, Feng Y, Danesh Yazdi M, Yin K, Castro E, Shtein A, et al. Exposure-response associations between chronic exposure to fine particulate matter and risks of hospital admission for major cardiovascular diseases: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2024; 384:e076939.

Wei Y, Wang Y, Di Q, Choirat C, Wang Y, Koutrakis P et al. Short term exposure to fine particulate matter and hospital admission risks and costs in the Medicare population: time stratified, case crossover study. BMJ. 2019; 367:l6258.

Wellenius G, Burger M, Coull B, Schwartz J, Suh H, et al. Ambient air pollution and the risk of acute ischemic stroke. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2012; 172(3):229–234.

Wellenius G, Schwartz J, Mittleman M. Particulate air pollution and hospital admissions for congestive heart failure in seven United States cities.The American Journal of Cardiology. 2006; 97(3):404–408.

Weuve J, Puett R, Schwartz J, Yanosky J, Laden F, et al. Exposure to particulate air pollution and cognitive decline in older women. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2012; 172(3):219–227.

White AJ, Fisher JA, Sweeney MR, Freedman ND, Kaufman JD, Silverman DT, Jones RR. Ambient fine particulate matter and breast cancer incidence in a large prospective US cohort. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2023; djad170.

Wichmann HE, Spix C, Tuch T, Wölke G, Peters A, Heinrich J, Kreyling WG, Heyder J. Daily mortality and fine and ultrafine particles in Erfurt, Germany part I: role of particle number and particle mass. Research report (Health Effects Institute). 2000; (98)5-86: discussion 87-94.

World Health Organization. Outdoor air pollution a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths. Published online 2013.

Xu X, Liu C, Xu Z, Tzan K, Zhong M, et al. Long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate pollution induces insulin resistance and mitochondrial alteration in adipose tissue. Toxicological Sciences. 2011; 124(1):88–98.

Zanobetti A, Schwartz J. Cardiovascular damage by airborne particles: are diabetics more susceptible? Epidemiology. 2002; 13(5):588–592.

Zanobetti A, Dominici F, Wang Y, Schwartz JD. A national case-crossover analysis of the short-term effect of PM2.5 on hospitalizations and mortality in subjects with diabetes and neurological disorders. Environmental Health. 2014; 13(38).

Wood smoke is particle pollution

Allen G, Rector L. Characterization of Residential Woodsmoke PM2.5 in the Adirondacks of New York. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2020; 20: 2419–2432.

Anastasopolos A, Hopke P, Sofowote U, Zhang J, Johnson M. Local and regional sources of urban ambient PM_2.5 exposures in Calgary, Canada. Atmospheric Environment. 2022; 290:119383.

Bari A, Baumbach G, Kuch B, Scheffknecht G. Air pollution in residential areas from wood-fired heating. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2011; 11:749–757.

Bari A, Baumbach G, Kuch B, Scheffknecht G. Temporal variation and impact of wood smoke pollution on a residential area in southern Germany. Atmospheric Environment. 2010; 44(31):3823–3832.

Bennett DH, McKone TE, Evans JS, Nazaroff WW, Margni MD, Jolliet O, Smith KR. Defining intake fraction. Environmental Science & Technology. 2002; 36(9):207A–211A.

Boman BC, Forsberg AB, Järvholm BG. Adverse health effects from ambient air pollution in relation to residential wood combustion in modern society. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health. 2003; 29(4):251–260.

Borrego C, Valente J, Carvalho A, Sá E, Lopes M, Miranda AI. Contribution of residential wood combustion to PM10 levels in Portugal. Atmospheric Environment. 2010; 44(5):642–651.

Carrington D. Wood burning at home now biggest cause of UK particle pollution. The Guardian. 2021, Feb 16.

Caseiro A, Bauer H, Schmidl C, Pio CA, Puxbaum H. Wood burning impact on PM10 in three Austrian regions. Atmospheric Environment. 2009; 43(3),13:2186–2195.

Corsini E, Marinovich M, Vecchi R. Ultrafine particles from residential biomass combustion: a review on experimental data and toxicological response. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(20):4992.

Danish Ecological Council. Pollution from residential burning: danish experience in an international perspective. 2016. (PDF download)

Davis N. London on pollution ‘high alert’ due to cold air, traffic, and wood burning. The Guardian. 2017, January 25.

Denier van der Gon HAC, Bergström R, Fountoukis C, Johansson C, Pandis SN, Simpson D, Visschedijk AJH. Particulate emissions from residential wood combustion in Europe—revised estimates and an evaluation. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2015; 15:6503–6519.

Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), United Kingdom. National Statistics Emissions of air pollutants in the UK, 1970 to 2019—Particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5). Updated 2021, Feb 12.

Emergency measures unveiled to combat smog over Greek cities. Kathimerini English Edition. 2013. Retrieved from ekathimerini.com.

Evans GJ, Jeong C. Data analysis and source apportionment of PM2.5 in Golden, British Columbia using positive matrix factorization (PMF). Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research University of Toronto. 2007.

Fairley D. Sources of Bay Area fine particles: 2010 update and trends. Publication of the Bay Area Air Quality Management District. 2010.

Favez O, Cachier H, Sciare J, Sarda-Estève R, Martinon L. Evidence for a significant contribution of wood burning aerosols to PM2.5 during the winter season in Paris, France. Atmospheric Environment. 2009; 43(22–23):3640–3644.

Fuller G. How one German village exemplifies the cancer risk from wood burning. The Guardian. 2024, March 22.

Fuller G. Wood heating could be worse than thought for rural air, study suggests. The Guardian. 2026, Dec 13.

Fuller GW, Tremper AH, Baker TD, Yttri KE, Butterfield D. Contribution of wood burning to PM10 in London. Atmospheric Environment. 2014; 87:87–94.

Genberg J, Hyder M, Stenström K, Bergström R, Simpson D, Fors EO, Jönsson JÅ, Swietlicki E. Source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosol in southern Sweden. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2011; 11:11387–11400.

Gilmore H. State’s top doctor says we should consider banning wood fire heaters. The Sydney Morning Herald. 2014, July 5.

Glasius M, Ketzel M, Whåhlin P, Jensen B, Mønster J, Berkowicz R, Palmgren F. Impact of wood combustion on particle levels in a residential area in Denmark. Atmospheric Environment. 2006; 40:7115–7124.

Glojek K, Močnik G, Alas HDC, Cuesta-Mosquera A, Drinovec L, Gregorič A, Ogrin M, Weinhold K, Ježek I, Müller T, et al. The impact of temperature inversions on black carbon and particle mass concentrations in a mountainous area. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2022; 22(8):5577–5601.

Grange SK, Salmond JA, Trompetter WJ, Davy PK, Ancelet T. Effect of atmospheric stability on the impact of domestic wood combustion to air quality of a small urban township in winter. Atmospheric Environment. 2013; 70:28–38.

Hibberd MF, Selleck PW, Keywood MD, Cohen DD, Stelcer E, Atanacio AJ. Upper Hunter fine particle characterisation study. CSIRO, Australia. 2013.

Hong K, Weichenthal S, Saraswat A, King G, Henderson S, Brauer M. Systematic identification and prioritization of communities impacted by residential woodsmoke in British Columbia, Canada. Environmental Pollution. 2017; 220b:797–806.

Janssen NAH, Hoek G, Simic-Lawson M, Fischer P, van Bree L, et al. Black carbon as an additional indicator of the adverse health effects of airborne particles compared with PM10 and PM2.5. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2011; 119(12):1691–1699.

Jeong C, Evans GJ, Dann T, Graham M, Herod D, Dabek-Zlotorzynska E, Mathieu D, Ding L, Wang D. Influence of biomass burning on wintertime fine particulate matter: source contribution at a valley site in rural British Columbia. Atmospheric Environment. 2008; 42:3684–3699.

Kleeman MJ, Riddle SG, Robert MA, Jakober CA, Fine PM, Hays MD, Schauer JJ, Hannigan MP. Source apportionment of fine (PM1.8) and Ultrafine (PM0.1) airborne particulate matter during a severe winter pollution episode. Environmental Science and Technology. 2009; 43(2):272–279.

Knapton S. Air pollution in London passes levels in Beijing … and wood burners are making the problem worse. The Telegraph. 2017, January 25.

Kotchenruther RA. Source apportionment of PM2.5 at multiple Northwest US sites: assessing regional winter wood smoke impacts from residential wood combustion. Atmospheric Environment. 2016; 142:210–219.

Kourtchev I, Hellebust S, Bell JM, O'Connor IP, Healy RM, Allanic A, Healy D, Wenger JC, Sodeau JR. The use of polar organic compounds to estimate the contribution of domestic solid fuel combustion and biogenic sources to ambient levels of organic carbon and PM2.5 in Cork Harbour, Ireland. Science of the Total Environment. 2011; 409(11):2143–55.

Krecl P, Hedberg Larsson E, Ström J, Johansson C. Contribution of residential wood combustion and other sources to hourly winter aerosol in Northern Sweden determined by positive matrix factorization. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2008; 8:3639–3653.

Languille B, Gros V, Petit JE, Honoré C, Baudic A, Perrussel O, Foret G, Michoud V, Truong F, Bonnaire N, et al. Wood burning: A major source of volatile organic compounds during wintertime in the Paris region. Science of the Total Environment. 2020; 711(5):135055.

Laurenson J. Amazing views and dirty air in French Alps. BBC News online. 2017, 7 March.

Li AF, Zhang KM, Allen G, Zhang S, Yang B, Gu J, Hashad K, Sward J, Felton D, Rattigan O. Ambient sampling of real-world residential wood combustion plumes. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2022; (72)7:710–719.

Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, Air Quality Division. Investigation of the impact of burning upon ambient PM2.5 levels in Owosso during November 2011. 2012.

Naeher L, Brauer M, Lipsett M, Zelikoff J, Simpson C, et al. Woodsmoke health effects: A review. Inhalation Toxicology. 2007; 19(1):67–106.

Ogrin M, Glojek K, Gregorič A, Močnik G, Cuesta-Mosquera A, Wiedensohler A, Drinovec L. Hidden black carbon air pollution in hilly rural areas: A case study of dinaric depression. European Journal of Geography. 2020; 11(2).

Plejdrup MS, Nielsen O, Brandt J. Spatial emission modelling for residential wood combustion in Denmark. Atmospheric Environment. 2016; 144:389–396.

Ries F, Marshall J, Brauer M. Intake fraction of urban wood smoke. Environmental Science & Technology. 2009; 43(13):4701–4706.

Reisen F, Meyer CP, Keywood MD. Impact of biomass burning sources on seasonal aerosol air quality. Atmospheric Environment. 2013; 67:437–447.

Robinson D. 2.4 times more PM2.5 pollution from domestic wood burning than traffic. BMJ, 2015; 350:h2757.

Scauzillo S. Why your fireplace is ruining the environment. San Gabriel Valley Tribune. 2015, January 30.

Semmens E, Noonan C, Allen R, Weiler E, Ward T. Indoor particulate matter in rural, wood stove heated homes, Environmental Research. 2015; 138:93–100.

Sigsgaard T, Forsberg B, Annesi-Maesano I, Blomberg A, Bølling A, Boman C. et al. Health impacts of anthropogenic biomass burning in the developed world. European Respiratory Journal. 2015; 46(6):1577–88.

Srivastava D., Saksakulkrai S., Acton WJ F, Rooney DJ, Hall J, Hou S, Wolstencroft M, Bartington S, Harrison RM, Shi Z, Bloss WJ. Comparative receptor modelling for the sources of Fine Particulate Matter (PM_2.5) at urban sites in the UK. Atmospheric Environment. 2025; 343:120963.

Su J, Allen G, Miller PJ, Brauer M. Spatial modeling of residential woodsmoke across a non-urban upstate New York region. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health. 2011; 6:85-94.

Szidat S, Prévôt A, Sandradewi J, Alfarra, M, Synal H, et al. Dominant impact of residential wood burning on particulate matter in Alpine valleys during winter. Geophysical Research Letters. 2007; 34(5).

Thatcher TL, Kirchstetter TW, Malejan CJ, Ward CE. Infiltration of black carbon particles from residential woodsmoke into nearby homes. Open Journal of Air Pollution. 2014; 3:111–120.

Thatcher TL, Kirchstetter TW, Tan SH, Malejan CJ and Ward CE. Near-field variability of residential woodsmoke concentrations. Atmospheric and Climate Sciences. 2014; 4:622-635.

Thatcher TL, Kirchstetter TW, et al. Assessing near-field exposures from distributed residential wood smoke combustion sources. Prepared for California Air Resources Board and California Environmental Protection Agency. 2011.

Trojanowski R., Fthenakis V. Nanoparticle emissions from residential wood combustion: A critical literature review, characterization, and recommendations. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2019; 103:515–528.

Trompetter WJ, Davy PK, Markwitz DA. Influence of environmental conditions on carbonaceous particle concentrations within New Zealand. Journal of Aerosol Science. 2010; 41(1):134–142.

United States EPA. Final report: polar organic compounds in fine particles from the New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut Regional airshed. 2009.

VanderSchelden G, de Foy B, Herring C, Kaspari S, VanReken T, and Jobson B. Contributions of wood smoke and vehicle emissions to ambient concentrations of volatile organic compounds and particulate matter during the Yakima wintertime nitrate study, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2017; 122:1871–1883.

van Pinxteren D, Engelhardt V, Mothes F, Poulain L, Fomba KW, Spindler G, Cuesta-Mosquera A, Tuch T, Müller T, Wiedensohler A, Löschau G, Bastian S, Herrmann H. Residential wood combustion in Germany: A twin-site study of local village contributions to particulate pollutants and their potential health effects. ACS Environmental Au. 2024; 4(1):12-30.

Vicente ED and Alves CA. An overview of particulate emissions from residential biomass combustion. Atmospheric Research. 2018; 199:159–185.

Wang Q, Shao M, Zhang Y, Wei Y, Hu M, Guo S. Source apportionment of fine organic aerosols in Beijing. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2009; 9:8573–8585.

Wang Y, Hopke PK. Is Alaska truly the great escape from air pollution? Long term source apportionment of fine particulate matter in Fairbanks, Alaska. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2014; 14:1875–1882.

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Ward T, Lange T. The impact of wood smoke on ambient PM2.5 in Northern Rocky Mountain Valley communities. Environmental Pollution. 2010; 158(3):723–729.

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Wood smoke is toxic pollution

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The real cost of wood burning

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Fisher G, Kjellstrom T, Woodward A, Hales S, Town I, et al. Health and air pollution in New Zealand: Christchurch pilot study. Health Research Council Ministry for the Environment Ministry of Transport. 2005.

Fuchs VR, Frank SR. Air Pollution and medical care use by older Americans: a cross-area analysis. Health Affairs

Fuller G. Pollutionwatch: The solvable problem of home wood burners. The Guardian. 2021, Oct 22.

Fuller G. Pollutionwatch: Fires are the most polluting way to heat British homes this winter. The Guardian. 2023, Nov 3.

Haluza D, Kaiser A, Moshammer H, Flandorfer C, Kundi M, et al. Estimated health impact of a shift from light fuel to residential wood-burning in Upper Austria. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology. 2012; 22(4):339–343.

Jammer M, Singh R, Sax S. Health Impact Scale for Air Quality Improvements in the Canadian Lower Fraser Valley Airshed. Report commissioned by Metro Vancouver. 2019.

Khan L, Parton K, Doran H. Cost of particulate air pollution in Armidale: a clinical event survey [online]. Environmental Health. 2007; 7(2):11–21.

Kortekand M, de Vries J, van Berkel P, and de Bruyn S. Health-related social costs of air pollution due to residential heating and cooking in the EU27 and UK. Report by CE Delft. 2022. (PDF)

Le Page M. Health impacts of wood burning cost EU and UK €17 billion a year, New Scientist. 2022 March 30.

Lighthall D, Nunes D, Tyner T. Environmental health evaluation of Rule 4901: domestic wood burning: a case study of the Fresno/Clovis and Bakersfield metropolitan areas. The San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District. 2009.

Maher BA, O’Sullivan V, Feeney J, Gonet T, Kenny RA. Indoor particulate air pollution from open fires and the cognitive function of older people. Environmental Research. 2021; 192:110298

Multnomah County. Moderate reductions to wood smoke emissions will save lives, experts say; Board commits to act. 2022, Feb 11.

New South Wales EPA. Wood Smoke Amendment Q&As.

Press-Kristensen K. Pollution from residential burning: Danish experience in an international perspective, 4th edition (PDF). Green Global Future. 2024.

Robinson DL. Air pollution in Australia: review of costs, sources and potential solutions. Health Promotion Journal of Australia: Official Journal of Australian Association of Health Promotion Professionals. 2005; 16(3):213-20.

Robinson DL, Monro J, Campbell E. Spatial variability and population exposure to PM2.5 pollution from woodsmoke in a New South Wales country town. Atmospheric Environment. 2007; 41(26):5464–5478.

Saffari A, Daher N, Samara C, Voutsa D, Kouras A, Manoli E, Karagkiozidou O, Vlachokostas C, Moussiopoulos N, Shafer MM, Schauer JJ, Sioutas C. Increased biomass burning due to the economic crisis in Greece and its adverse impact on wintertime air quality in Thessaloniki. Environmental Science & Technology. 2013; 47(23):13313-13320.

Sarigiannis D, Karakitsios S, Kermenidou M. Health impact and monetary cost of exposure to particulate matter emitted from biomass burning in large cities. Science of The Total Environment. 2015; 524:319–330.

Sigsgaard T, Forsberg B, Annesi-Maesano I, Blomberg A, Bølling A, Boman C. Health impacts of anthropogenic biomass burning in the developed world. The European Respiratory Journal. 2015; 46(6):1577–88.

Taxing wood-burning stoves could save lives and money. CPH Post Online. 2016, March 1.

Williams AM, Phaneuf DJ, Barrett MA, Su JG. Short-term impact of PM_2.5 on contemporaneous asthma medication use: Behavior and the value of pollution reductions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 2019; 116(12):5246–5253.

Residential wood burning

Ahmadi M, Marin A, Morin B, Raymond K, Rector L. Assessment of EPA’s residential wood heater certification program (PDF). Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM). 2021.

Allen R, Leckie S, Brauer M. The impact of stove technology upgrades on indoor residential air quality. Atmospheric Environment. 2009; 43(37):5908–5915.

B.C. wood stove exchange program: program evaluation (2008 to 2014). Pinna Sustainability Inc. 2015.

Bergauff M, Ward TJ, Noonan CW, Palmer CP. The effect of a woodstove changeout on ambient levels of PM2.5 and chemical tracers for woodsmoke in Libby, Montana. Atmospheric Environment. 2009; 43(18), 2938–2943.

Burkhard E. Introduction to special issue on residential wood combustion. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2022; (72)7:617–618.

Calabrese M, Quarantotto M, Cantaluppi C, Fasson A, Bogoni P. Quality characteristics and radioactive contamination of wood pellet imported in Italy. Open Journal of Applied Sciences. 2015; 5:183-19.

Caracci E, Canale L, Buonanno G, Stabile L. Sub-micron particle number emission from residential heating systems: A comparison between conventional and condensing boilers fueled by natural gas and liquid petroleum gas, and pellet stoves. Science of the Total Environment. 2022; 827:154288.

Carrington D. ‘Eco’ wood stoves emit 750 times more pollution than an HGV, study shows. The Guardian. 2021, October 9.

Castro A, Calvo AI, Blanco-Alegre C, Oduber F, Alves C, et al. Impact of the wood combustion in an open fireplace on the air quality of a living room: estimation of the respirable fraction. Science of the Total Environment. 2018; 628–629, 169–176.

Caubel JJ, Trojanowski R, Butcher T, Rapp V. A review of regulatory standard test methods for residential wood heaters and recommendations for their advancement. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2023; 184:113501.

Chakraborty R, Heydon J, Mayfield M, Mihaylova L. Indoor air pollution from residential stoves: examining the flooding of particulate matter into homes during real-world use. Atmosphere. 2020; 11(12):1326.

Cuff D. Fireplace replacement rebates snapped up in a day. The Mercury News. 2016, August 29.

Desideri D, Rongoni A, Roselli C, Saetta D, Feduzi L. Analytical methods for the determination of 137Cs and 9Sr in ash of fuel pellets used in Italy. Microchemical Journal. 2012; 103:131–134.

Eriksson AC, Nordin EZ, Nyström R, Pettersson E, Swietlicki E, Bergvall C, Westerholm R, Boman C, Pagels JH. Particulate PAH emissions from residential biomass combustion: time-resolved analysis with aerosol mass spectrometry. Environmental Science and Technology. 2014; 48:7143−7150.

Fine P, Cass G, Simoneit, B. Chemical characterization of fine particle emissions from the wood stove combustion of prevalent United States tree species. Environmental Engineering Science. 2004; 21(6):705.

Fisher L, Houck J, Tiegs P, McGaughey J. Long-term performance of EPA-certified phase 2 woodstoves, Klamath Falls and Portland, Oregon. US Environmental Protection Agency. 2000.

Forcey T. The cheapest way to heat your home with renewable energy—just flick a switch. The Conversation. 2015, Sept 6.

Happo M, Uski O, Jalava P, Kelz J, Brunner T, Hakulinen P, Mäki-Paakkanen J, Kosma V, et al. Pulmonary inflammation and tissue damage in the mouse lung after exposure to PM samples from biomass heating appliances of old and modern technologies. Science of The Total Envirnoment. 2013; 443:256–266.

Hays MD, Kinsey J, George I, Preston W, Singer C, Patel B. Carbonaceous particulate matter emitted from a pellet-fired biomass boiler. Atmosphere. 2019; 10(9):536.

Heydon J. Between ordinary harm and deviance: evaluating the UK’s regulatory regime for controlling air pollution from wood burning stoves. The British Journal of Criminology. 2023.

Houck JE, Pitzman LY, Tiegs P. Emission factors for new certified residential wood heaters. Presented at the 17th International Emission Inventory Conference, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2008.

Houck JE. Efficiency: pick a number, any number. Hearth and Home. 2009, March; 148.

Houck JE. Straight talk. Hearth and Home. 2017, May; 38–45.

Johnson PRS. (2006). In-field ambient fine particle monitoring of an outdoor wood boiler: Public health concerns. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal. 2006; 12(6):1153–1170.

Knickmeyer E. Coughing neighbors make Bay Area rethink outdoor cooking. The Mercury News. 2015, January 19.

Leskinen J, Tissari J, Uski OJ, Jokiniemi J. Fine particle emissions in three different combustion conditions of a wood chip-fired appliance particulate physico-chemical properties and induced cell death. Atmospheric Environment. 2014; 86:129–139.

Lindberg J, Vitillo N, Wurth M, Frank BP, Tang S, LaDuke G, Mason Fritz P, Trojanowski R, Butcher T, Mahajan D. Realistic operation of two residential cordwood-fired outdoor hydronic heater appliances—Part 2: Particle number and size, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2022; 72(7):762–776.

Marin A, Rector L, Morin B, Allen G. Residential wood heating: An overview of U.S. impacts and regulations. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2022; (72)7:619–628.

Meyer CP, Luhar A, Gillett R, Keywoods M. Measurement of real-world PM10 emission factors and emission profiles from woodheaters by in situ source monitoring and atmospheric verification methods. Final Report of Clean Air Research Project 16 for Australian Commonwealth Department of the Environment Water Heritage and the Arts. 2008.

Morin B, Allen G, Marin A, Rector L, Ahmadi M. Impacts of wood species and moisture content on emissions from residential wood heaters, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2022; (72)7:647–661.

Multnomah County. Just how harmful is that backyard fire? What our air quality expert found will alarm you. 2022, May 5.

Newsham J. As electricity costs rise, market for heat pumps takes off. Boston Globe. 2014, October 6.

Noonan C, Navidi W, Sheppard L, Palmer C, Bergauff M, et al. Residential indoor PM2.5 in wood stove homes: follow-up of the Libby changeout program. Indoor Air. 2012; 22(6):492–500.

Olsen Y, Klenø Nøjgaard J, Rørdam Olesen H, Brandt J, Sigsgaard T, Pryor SC, Ancelet T, del Mar Viana M, Querol X, Hertel O. Emissions and source allocation of carbonaceous air pollutants from wood stoves in developed countries: A review. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2020; (11)2:234-251

Ozgen S, Caserini S, Galante S, Giugliano M, Angelino E, Marongiu A, Hugony F, Migliavacca G, Morreale C. Emission factors from small scale appliances burning wood and pellets. Atmospheric Environment. 2014; 94:144–153.

Pillarisetti A, Ma R, Buyan M, Nanzad B, Argo Y, Yang X, Smith KR. Advanced household heat pumps for air pollution control: A pilot field study in Ulaanbaatar, the coldest capital city in the world. Environmental Research. 2019; 176:108381.

Press-Kristensen K. Pollution from residential burning: Danish experience in an international perspective, 4th edition (PDF). Green Global Future. 2024.

Press-Kristensen K, Tolotto M. Where there’s fire, there’s smoke: Emissions from domestic heating with wood. European Environmental Bureau and Green Transition Denmark. 2021.

Purvis CR, McCrillis RC, Kariher PH. Fine particulate matter (PM) and organic speciation of fireplace emissions. Environmental Science and Technology. 2000; 34(9):1653-1658.

Rector LR, Allen G, Hopke PK, Chandrasekaran SR, Lin L. Elemental analysis of wood fuels. Report prepared by NESCAUM for New York State Energy Research and Development Authority. 2013.

Robinson D, Monro J, Campbell E. Spatial variability and population exposure to PM2.5 pollution from woodsmoke in a New South Wales country town. Atmospheric Environment. 2007; 41(26):5464–5478.

Robinson DL. What makes a successful woodsmoke-reduction program? Air Quality and Climate Change. 2016; 50(3):20–28.

Robinson DL. Woodsmoke: regulatory failure is damaging public health. Air Quality and Climate Change. 2014; 48(4):53–63.

Ruskin L. and Holden, E. Natural but deadly: huge gaps in US rules for wood-stove smoke exposed. The Guardian. 2021, March 17.

Salthammer T, Schripp T, Wientzek S, Wensing M. Impact of operating wood-burning fireplace ovens on indoor air quality. Chemosphere. 2014; 103:205-211.

Scott AJ. Real-life emissions from residential wood burning appliances in New Zealand. Ministry for the Environment Sustainable Management Fund. 2005.

Skreiberg Ø, Karlsvik E, Hustad J, Sønju O. Round robin test of a wood stove: the influence of standards, test procedures and calculation procedures on the emission level . Biomass and Bioenergy. 1997; 12(6):439–452.

Söderberg T, Johansson A, Gref R. Toxic effects of some conifer resin acids and tea tree oil on human epithelial and fibroblast cells. Toxicology. 1996; 107(2):99–109.

Stabile L, Buonanno G, Avino P, Frattolillo A, Guerriero E. Indoor exposure to particles emitted by biomass-burning heating systems and evaluation of dose and lung cancer risk ceceived by population. Environmental Pollution. 2018; 235:65–73.

Tissari J, Lyyränen J, Hytönen K, Sippula O, Tapper U, Frey A, Saamio K. Pennanen AS, et al. Fine particle and gaseous emissions from normal and smouldering wood combustion in a conventional masonry heater. Atmospheric Environmnet. 2008; 42(34):7862–7873.

Toscano G, Duca D, Amato A, Pizzi A. Emission from realistic utilization of wood pellet stove. Energy. 2014; 68:644–650.

Toscano G, Riva G, Foppa Pedretti E, Corinaldesi F, Mengarelli C, Duca D. Investigation on wood pellet quality and relationship between ash content and the most important chemical elements. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2013; 56:317–322.

Trojanowski R, Lindberg J, Butcher T, Fthenakis V. Realistic operation of two residential cordwood-fired outdoor hydronic heater appliances—Part 1: Particulate and gaseous emissions, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2022; 72(7):738–761.

United States EPA Office of Inspector General. Report: The EPA’s residential wood heater program does not provide reasonable assurance that heaters are properly tested and certified before reaching consumers. 2023, February 28; Report #23-E-0012.

Uski OJ, Jalava P, Happo MS, Leskinen J, Sippula O, Tissari J, Mäki-Paakkanen J, et al. Different toxic mechanisms are activated by emission PM depending on combustion efficiency. Atmospheric Environment. 2014; 89:623–632.

Utah Physicians for a Healthy Environment. Report on the Health Consequences of Wood Smoke. 2015.

Venturini E, Vassura I, Zanetti C, Pizzi A, Toscano G, Passarini F. Evaluation of non-steady state condition contribution to the total emissions of residential wood pellet stove. Energy. 2015; 88:650–657.

Vicente ED and Alves, CA. An overview of particulate emissions from residential biomass combustion. Atmospheric Research. 2018; 199:159-185.

Vicente ED, Vicente AM, Evtyugina M, Oduber FI, Amato F, Querol X, Alves C. Impact of wood combustion on indoor air quality. Science of the Total Environment. 2020; 705:135769.

Ward T, Palmer C, Noonan C. Fine particulate matter source apportionment following a large woodstove changeout program in Libby, Montana. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association. 2010; 60(6):688.

Ward T, Palmer C, Bergauff M, Jayanty R, Noonan C. Organic/elemental carbon and woodsmoke tracer concentrations following a community wide woodstove changeout program. Atmospheric Environment. 2011; 45(31):5554–5560.

Ward T, Palmer CP, Hooper K, Bergauff M, Noonan CW. The impact of a community-wide woodstove changeout intervention on air quality within two schools. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2013; 4:238–244.

Win KM, Persson T, Bales C. Particles and Gaseous Emissions from Realistic Operation of Residential Wood Pellet Heating Systems. Atmospheric Environment. 2012; 59:320–327.

Wood-burning restaurants

Ahmed MT, Hadi EA, El Samahy S, Youssof K. The influence of baking fuel on residues of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals in bread. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2000; 80(1–3):1–8.

Akpambang V, Purcaro G, Lajide L, Amoo I, Conte L, et al. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in commonly consumed Nigerian smoked/grilled fish and meat. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A. 2009; 26(7):1096–1103.

Anderson KE, Sinha R, Kulldorff M, Gross M, Lang NP, Barber C, Harnack L, et al. Meat intake and cooking techniques: associations with pancreatic cance r. Mutation Research/Fundamental Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. 2002; 506–507:225–231.

Badyda AJ, Widziewicz K, Rogula-Kozłowska W, Majewski G, Jureczko I. Inhalation exposure to PM-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons released from barbecue grills powered by gas, lump charcoal, and charcoal briquettes. In: Pokorski M. (eds) Pulmonary disorders and therapy. advances in experimental medicine and biology. 2017; 1023:11-27.

Bergomi A, Morreale C, Fermo P, Migliavacca G. Determination of pollutant emissions from wood-fired pizza ovens, Chemical Engineering Transactions. 2022; 92:499–504.

Buonanno G, Morawska L, Stabile L, Viola A. Exposure to particle number, surface area and PM concentrations in pizzerias. Atmospheric Environment. 2010; 44(32):3963–3969.

City of Cambridge Public Health Department. Order Regarding Use of Solid Fuel (Wood and Charcoal) as a Cooking Source at Shepard Restaurant and Bar [press release via web archive]. 2017, June 19.

Chen J, Wang S, Hsieh D, Yang H, Lee H. Carcinogenic potencies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for back-door neighbors of restaurants with cooking emissions. Science of the Total Environment. 2012; 417–418:68–75.

Cleveland Clinic. Are smoked meats bad for your health? 2022 March 4.

Conti K. Neighbors clash over Cambridge restaurant’s smoke. The Boston Globe. 2017, 15 May.

Conti K. Following complaints, Cambridge restaurant ordered to stop cooking with charcoal and wood. The Boston Globe. 2017, 19 June.

Daniel CR, Schwartz KL, Colt JS, Dong LM, Ruterbusch JJ, et al. Meat-cooking mutagens and risk of renal cell carcinoma. British Journal of Cancer. 2011; 105:1096–1104.

Farhadian A, Jinap S, Abas F, Sakar Z. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in grilled meat. Food Control. 2010; 21(5):606–610.

Fritz W, Soós, K. Smoked food and cancer. Bibliotheca Nutritio Et Dieta. 1980; 57–64.

Gianelle V, Colombi C, Caserini S, Ozgen S, Galante S, Marongiu A, Lanzani G. Benzo(a)pyrene Air Concentrations and Emission Inventory in Lombardy Region, Italy. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2013; 4(3):257–266.

Jedrychowski W, Perera F, Tang D, Stigter L, Mroz E, et al. Impact of barbecued meat consumed in pregnancy on birth outcomes accounting for personal prenatal exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: birth cohort study in Poland. Nutrition. 2012; 28(4):372–377.

Kabir E, Kim K, Ahn J. Hong O, Sohn JR. Barbecue charcoal combustion as a potential source of aromatic volatile organic compounds and carbonyls. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2010; 174(1–3):492–499.

Kumar P, Andrade MF, Ynoue RY, Fornaro A, Dias de Freitas E, Martins J, et al. New directions: from biofuels to wood stoves: the modern and ancient air quality challenges in the megacity of São Paulo. Atmospheric Environment. 2016; 140:364–369.

Lalonde M. Montreal bagels and the pollution problem. Montreal Gazette. 2017, 20 June.

Lao J, Xie S, Wu C, Bao L, Tao S, Zeng E. Importance of dermal absorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons derived from barbecue fumes. Environmental Science & Technology. 2018; 52(15):8330–8338

Lee H, Wang Q, Yang F, Tao P, Li H, et al. SULT1A1 Arg213His polymorphism, smoked meat, and breast cancer risk: a case-control study and meta-analysis. DNA and Cell Biology. 2012; 31(5):688–699.

McCart M. Hotel Monaco restaurant ordered to pay $4,850 fine for violating air pollution enforcement order. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 2015, October 23.

Mota Lima FD, Pérez-Martínez PJ, de Fatima Andrade M, Kumar P, de Miranda RM. Characterization of particles emitted by pizzerias burning wood and briquettes: a case study at Sao Paulo, Brazil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2020; 27:35875–35888.

National Cancer Institute. Chemicals in Meat Cooked at High Temperatures and Cancer Risk.

Olsson M, Petersson G. Benzene emitted from glowing charcoal. Science of The Total Environment. 2003; 303(3):215–220.

Rey-Salgueiro L, García-Falcón M, Martinez-Carballo E, Simal-Gándara J. Effects of toasting procedures on the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in toasted bread. Food Chemistry. 2008; 108(2):607–615.

Sturgis C. Neighbors of Hopewell's Nomad Pizzeria complain of toxins, soot from pizza oven. NJ.com, 2011, January 30.

Susaya J, Kim K, Ahn J, Jung M, Kang C. BBQ charcoal combustion as an important source of trace metal exposure to humans. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2010; 176(1–3):932–937.

Thadani T. SF steak house Espetus causing headaches—literally—for nearby residents. San Francisco Chronicle. 2019, May 14.

Wu C, Bao L, Guo Y, Li S, Zeng EY. Barbecue fumes: an overlooked source of health hazards in outdoor settings? Environmental Science and Technology. 2015; 49(17):10607–10615.

Secondhand smoke issues

Australian Air Quality Group. Documented evidence: 16 incorrect and misleading claims by the AHHA (Australian Home Heating Association)—an organisation dedicated to promoting wood heating. 2021.

Australian Government Department of Health. Tobacco control timeline. 2018.

Booth R. Why we need transparency in the wood-burning industry. Air Quality News. 2021, Nov 24.

Boyd DR. The human right to breathe clean air. Annals of Global Health. 2019; 85(1):146.

Clean Air in London. Clean Air in London exposes cosy world of the wood stove industry. 2022, 1 February.

Conlon R, Brancaccio D. How grassroots activists fought Big Tobacco. Marketplace. 2019, Nov 25.

Cummings KM, Morley CP, Hyland A. Failed promises of the cigarette industry and its effect on consumer misperceptions about the health risks of smoking. Tobacco Control. 2002; 11:i110–i117.

Danish Consumer Ombudsman. Brændeovne, brænde og træbriketter kan ikke markedsføres som miljøvenlige eller CO2-neutrale [Wood-burning stoves, firewood and wood pellets cannot be marketed as environmentally friendly or CO2-neutral]. 2023, July 21. [Press release.]

Dietsch J. Nedlands set to lobby the state government to help end use of indoor woodfires. Perth Now. 2022, March 9.

Givel MS, Glantz SA. Tobacco lobby political influence on US state legislatures in the 1990s. Tobacco Control. 2001; 10:124–134.

Winstanley, M. Litigation by individuals. Tobacco in Australia: Facts and issues. Cancer Council Victoria. 2023.

Heydon J. Between ordinary harm and deviance: evaluating the UK’s regulatory regime for controlling air pollution from wood burning stoves. The British Journal of Criminology. 2023.

Hyland A, Barnoya J, Corral JE. Smoke-free air policies: past, present and future. Tobacco Control. 2012; 21:154–161.

Koenig J, Larson T, Hanley Q, Rebolledo V, Dumler K, et al. Pulmonary function changes in children associated with fine particulate matter. Environmental Research. 1993; 63(1):26–38.

Lachocki TM, Church DF, Pryor WA. Persistent free radicals in woodsmoke: an ESR spin trapping study. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 1989; 7(1):17–21.

Lawrence F. Big Tobacco, war and politics. Nature. 2019, Oct 7; 574:172-173.

MacRae G. and Le Masurier G. Blowing Smoke: Campaign to Overturn Wood Stove Bylaws “Misleading”. Watershed Sentinel. 2021, March 31.

Milov S. The cigarette: a political history. Harvard University Press. 2019.

Naeher L, Brauer M, Lipsett M, Zelikoff JT, Simpson CD, Koenig JQ, Smith K. Woodsmoke health effects: a review. Inhalation Toxicology. 2007; 19:67–109.

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the World Health Organization. The right to health: fact sheet no. 31.

Phair R. Wood heaters: the cosy killers. VicDoc (magazine of Australian Medical Association Victoria). 2020, Sept.

Pompilio E. When nurses smoked in hospitals. Working Nurse (online). 2021.

Robinson DL. Woodsmoke: regulatory failure is damaging public health. Air Quality and Climate Change. 2014; 48(4):53–63.

Ruskin L. and Holden, E. Natural but deadly: huge gaps in US rules for wood-stove smoke exposed. The Guardian. 2021, March 17.

Saloojee Y, Dagli E. Tobacco industry tactics for resisting public policy on health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2000; 78(7):902–910.

Tesfaigzi Y, Awji E. Comparison of wood smoke and cigarette smoke in causing chronic mucous hypersecretion. European Respiratory Journal. 2016; 48:PA4268

Tobacco Tactics (University of Bath). Harm Reduction. Updated 2022, Nov 22.

Watson B. The troubling evolution of corporate greenwashing. The Guardian. 2016, Aug. 20.

Environment, biomass and climate

Ahlers CD. Wood Burning, Biomass, Air Pollution, and Climate Change. Environmental Law. 2016; Vol 46; Vermont Law School Research Paper No. 4–16.

Alves C, Gonçalves C, Fernandes AP, Tarelho L, Pio C. Fireplace and woodstove fine particle emissions from combustion of western Mediterranean wood types. Atmospheric Research. 2011; 101(3):692–700.

Bahadur R, Praveen PS, Xu Y, Ramanathan V. Solar absorption by elemental and brown carbon determined from spectrual observations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2012; 109(43):17366–17371.

Beaudoin KJ. Reducing black carbon from wood burning in Fairbanks, Alaska. Alaska Law Review. 2014; 31:87–103.

Bond TC., Doherty SJ, Fahey DW, Forster PM., Bernstein T, et al. Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: a scientific assessment. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres. 2013; 118:5380–5552.

Carrington D. ‘Eco’ wood stoves emit 750 times more pollution than an HGV, study shows. The Guardian. 2021, Oct 9.

Chen Y, Bond TC. Light absorption by organic carbon from wood combustion. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2010; 10:1773–1787.

Cooper JA. Environmental impact of residential wood combustion emissions and its implications. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association. 1980; (30)8:855–861.

Cuesta-Mosquera A, Glojek K, Močnik G, Drinovec L, Gregorič A, et al. Optical properties and simple forcing efficiency of the organic aerosols and black carbon emitted by residential wood burning in rural central Europe. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2024; 24:2583–2605

Denier van der Gon HAC, Bergström R, Fountoukis C, Johansson C, Pandis SN, et al. Particulate emissions from residential wood combustion in Europe – revised estimates and an evaluation. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2015; 15:6503–6519.

de Puy Kamp M. How marginalized communities in the South are paying the price for ‘green energy’ in Europe. CNN special report. July 9, 2021.

Fernandes AP, Alves CA, Gonçalves C, Tarelho L, Pio C, Schmidl C, Bauer H. Emission factors from residential combustion appliances burning Portuguese biomass fuels. Journal of Environmental Monitoring. 2011; 13:3196-3206.

Fuller G. Pollutionwatch: wood fires are bad for planet, more evidence shows. The Guardian. 2022, Feb 25.

Gilardoni S, Massoli P, Paglione M, Giulianelli L, Carbone C, Rinaldi M, et al. Direct observation of aqueous secondary organic aerosol from biomass-burning emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2016; 113(36):10013–10018.

Herich H, Hueglin C, Buchmann B. A 2.5 year’s source apportionment study of black carbon from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion at urban and rural sites in Switzerland. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. 2011; 4:1409–1420.

Highwood EJ, Kinnersley RP. When smoke gets in our eyes: the multiple impacts of atmospheric black carbon on climate, air quality and health. Environment International. 2006; 32(4):560–566.

Holden A, Sullivan A, Munchak L, Kreidenweis S, Schichtel B, et al. Determining contributions of biomass burning and other sources to fine particle contemporary carbon in the western United States. Atmospheric Environment. 2011; 45(11):1986-1993.

Iinuma Y, Böge O, Gräfe R, Herrmann H. Methyl-nitrocatechols: atmospheric tracer compounds for biomass burning secondary organic aerosols. Environmental Science & Technology. 2010; 44(22):8453.

Jacobson MZ. Short‐term effects of controlling fossil‐fuel soot, biofuel soot and gases, and methane on climate, Arctic ice, and air pollution health. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres. 2010; 114(D14).

Kirchstetter TW, Novakov T, Hobbs PV. Evidence that the spectral dependence of light absorption by aerosols is affected by organic carbon. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres. 2004; 109(D21).

Kirchstetter TW, Thatcher TL. Contribution of organic carbon to wood smoke particulate matter absorption of solar radiation. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2012; 12:6067–6072.

Koester S, Davis S. Siting of wood pellet production facilities in environmental justice communities in the Southeastern United States. Environmental Justice. 2018; 11(2):64–70.

Kumar NK, Corbin JC, Bruns E, Massabò D, Slowik J, Drinovec L, Močnik G, Prati P, Vlachou A, Baltensperger U, Gysel M, El-Haddad I, Prévôt A. Production of particulate brown carbon during atmospheric aging of residential wood-burning emissions. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2018; 18:17843–17861.

Leturcq P. Wood preservation (carbon sequestration) or wood burning (fossil-fuel substitution), which is better for mitigating climate change? Annals of Forest Science. 2013; 71(2):117–124.

Lindberg J, Wurth M, Frank BP, Tang S, LaDuke G, Trojanowski R, Butcher T, Mahajan D. Realistic operation of two residential cordwood-fired outdoor hydronic heater appliances—Part 3: Optical properties of black and brown carbon emissions, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2022; 72(7):777–790.

Martinsson J, Eriksson AC, Nielsen IE, Malmborg VB, Ahlberg E, et al. Impacts of combustion conditions and photochemical processing on the light absorption of biomass combustion aerosol. Environmental Science and Technology. 2015; 49:14663−14671.

McGill University. Air pollution: The silent killer called PM2.5. [Press release.] 2021, March 11.

Meissner K, Alexander K. Mass extinctions and climate change: why the speed of rising greenhouse gases matters. The Conversation. 2016.

Mohr C, Lopez-Hilfiker F, Zotter P, Prevot A, Xu L, et al. Contribution of nitrated phenols to wood burning brown carbon light absorption in Detling, United Kingdom during winter time. Environmental Science & Technology. 2013; 47(12):6316.

Montaigne F. Why keeping mature forests intact is key to the climate fight: interview with William Moomaw. Yale Environment 360. 2019, Oct 15.

Moomaw W. The EPA says burning wood to generate power is ‘carbon-neutral.’ Is that true? The Conversation. 2018, May 8.

Olivares G, Ström J, Johansson C, Gidhagen L. Estimates of black carbon and size-resolved particle number emission factors from residential wood burning based on ambient monitoring and model simulations. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2008; 58(6):838-848.

Press-Kristensen K, Tolotto M. Where there’s fire, there’s smoke: Emissions from domestic heating with wood. European Environmental Bureau and Green Transition Denmark. 2021.

Rau J. Composition and size distribution of residential wood smoke particles. Aerosol Science and Technology. 1989; 10(1):181–192.

Robinson D. Australian wood heaters currently increase global warming and health costs. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2011; 2(3):267–274.

Samburova V, Connolly J, Gyawall M, Yatavelli RL, Watts AC, Chakrabarty RK, Zielinska B, et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in biomass-burning emissions and their contribution to light absorption and aerosol toxicity. Science of the Total Environment. 2016; 568:391–401.

Savolahti M, Karvosenoja N, Soimakallio S, Kupiainen K, Tissari J, Paunu VV. Near-term climate impacts of Finnish residential wood combustion. Energy Policy. 2019; 133:110837.

Simmons M. B.C. gives Pacific BioEnergy green light to log rare inland rainforest for wood pellets. The Narwhal. 2020, Oct 9.

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US EPA. Report to congress on black carbon (PDF). 2010.

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See also references for Toxins and Wood Smoke Is PM.

Citizen science air monitoring

Byrne R, Ryan K, Venables DS, Wenger JC, Hellebust S. Highly local sources and large spatial variations in PM2.5 across a city: evidence from a city-wide sensor network in Cork, Ireland. Environmental Science: Atmospheres. 2023, April 19.

McLaughlin T, Kearney L, Sanicola L. Special Report: U.S. air monitors routinely miss pollution—even refinery explosions. Reuters. 2020, Dec 1.

Nair P. Don’t like how your government tracks air pollution? Do it yourself. Ensia, Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota. 2017, June 29.

Peters A. How this small sensor startup became essential to helping California deal with toxic wildfire smoke. Fast Company. 2020, Aug 27.

PurpleAir laser particle counters and air quality monitoring network.

Robinson DL. Accurate, low cost PM2.5 measurements demonstrate the large spatial variation in wood smoke pollution in regional Australia and improve modeling and estimates of health costs. 2020; Atmosphere, 11(8):856.

Robinson DL, Goodman N, Vardoulakis S. Five years of accurate PM2.5 measurements demonstrate the value of low-cost PurpleAir monitors in areas affected by woodsmoke. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(23):7127.

South Coast Air Quality Management District. Community in Action: A Comprehensive Educational Toolkit on Air Quality Sensors. 2021.

US EPA. Air Sensor Toolbox for Citizen Scientists, Researchers and Developers.

Organizations, blogs, misc.

Asthma Australia has information on wood heaters and asthma.

Australian Air Quality Group’s Clean Air, Better Health site has information about wood heater pollution in Australia and beyond.

Breathe Clean Air Comox Valley is a wood smoke pollution advocacy group in British Columbia’s Comox Valley.

Burning Issues was one of the first websites about wood smoke pollution.

Clean Air Canberra is a wood smoke pollution advocacy group in the Australian Capital Territory.

Clean Air in London is an air quality campaign organization that, among other issues, raises awareness of the “cosy world of the wood stove industry” with UK regulators.

Communities Against Woodsmoke is a Scotland-based “grassroots volunteer-led campaign group” that seeks to raise awareness about the health and environmental harms caused by wood burning.

Communities for Clean Air Network is a wood smoke pollution-centered air quality advocacy group in Australia.

Families for Clean Air is a long-running wood smoke pollution advocacy nonprofit based in the San Francisco Bay Area in California.

Global Action Plan in the UK organizes an annual Clean Air Night to raise awareness about residential wood burning. They also issued a “Policy pathway to reduce air pollution by phasing out domestic burning by 2030.”

Green Global Future, based in Denmark, issued a report about Pollution from Residential Wood Burning (PDF).

Healthy Indoor Environment, also based in Denmark, has information on the indoor air quality effects of wood burning.

Hudson Valley Air Quality Coalition (HVAQ) is a community air quality advocacy group with a core emphasis on raising awareness about wood smoke pollution.

UK-based Impact on Urban Health offers research-based advice on how to discuss the health impacts of wood burning with the public.

London Wood Burning Project is a public health awareness campaign run by several London boroughs.

Mums for Lungs is a London-based network of parents and others throughout the UK who advocate for clean air. Wood burning is one of their core campaign areas.

The Office of the Commissioner for Sustainability and the Environment in the Australian Capital Territory investigated Wood heaters in the ACT.

Only Clean Air: Helping to End Wood Smoke Pollution is a Canadian blog.

Partnership for Policy Integrity has information on biomass energy.

Utah Physicians for a Healthy Environment (UPHE) has information on wood smoke pollution, including a 2015 report on the health consequences of wood smoke.

Wood smoke websites in other languages

Familles pour l'air pur is a Quebec, Canada-based advocacy group. (French/English)

Luft Köln “raises awareness about the harmful effects on people and the environment caused by the use of wood-burning stoves and pellet heating systems in Cologne.” (German)

Stichting HoutrookVrij (Wood Smoke-Free Foundation) is a group in the Netherlands working to raise awareness. (Dutch)

Stop met stoken is based in Flanders, Belgium. (Dutch)